Dialysis is a medical procedure used to artificially perform some of the functions of the kidneys when they are no longer able to adequately filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood. It is commonly used in the treatment of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) or severe cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
There are two primary types of dialysis:
1. Hemodialysis (HD): Hemodialysis involves the use of a machine called a dialyzer or artificial kidney. During the procedure, blood is circulated from the patient's body through tubes into the dialyzer, where it is filtered to remove waste products, excess fluids, and toxins. The clean blood is then returned to the patient's body. Hemodialysis is typically performed at a dialysis center, hospital, or at home (home hemodialysis) with proper training.
2. Peritoneal dialysis (PD): Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of the abdominal cavity, called the peritoneum, as a natural filter. A cleansing fluid (dialysate) is introduced into the peritoneal cavity through a catheter. The peritoneum acts as a semipermeable membrane, allowing waste products and excess fluids to pass from the blood vessels into the dialysate. After a period of time, the dialysate is drained out of the body, taking the waste products with it. Peritoneal dialysis can be performed at home by the patient or their caregiver.
Dialysis is typically a lifelong treatment for individuals with ESKD or CKD Stage 5, although it can also be used temporarily in certain situations. The frequency and duration of dialysis sessions depend on factors such as the patient's overall health, residual kidney function, and the prescribed treatment plan determined by the healthcare team.
It's important to note that dialysis is not a cure for kidney disease but serves as a supportive therapy. In some cases, a kidney transplant may be considered as a long-term solution to replace the function of failed kidneys and eliminate the need for dialysis.
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